Bellarmine · De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis · On the Ecclesiastical Writers
Chapter 24: The Ninth Century: Nicephorus, Paschasius Radbertus, Theodore the Studite, Rabanus, Eulogius, Metaphrastes, Nicholas I, Photius, Hincmar
Our translation, from the Latin of the Opera Omnia (Paris: Vivès, 1870–74), vol. XII, De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, of the New Testament, ninth century. The Latin source text is public domain; this English rendering is released with the site. Scripture quotations follow Bellarmine's Vulgate citations, rendered in Douay-Rheims wording where he quotes exactly. Click “Show the Latin” for the original (raw OCR of the scan; scanning errors remain — the scan itself is the authority).
The ninth century, from the year 800 to 900
St. Nicephorus. 811
St. Nicephorus, Bishop of Constantinople, lived in the time of the Pontiff Leo III, to whom in the year of the Lord 811 he sent a very long letter, which is extant in volume 9 of the annals of Cardinal Baronius. He wrote also a chronicle, which is extant in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 2, second edition. He wrote too four little works against the Iconomachs, which are extant in Henricus Canisius, volume 4 of the Ancient Readings. At last this most holy man died in exile for the confession of the faith in the year of the Lord 828.
Usuard. 812
Usuard, a Monk, a Gaul by nation, a disciple of Alcuin, wrote by order of Charlemagne a quite exact and famous martyrology, which many Churches used.
St. Ludger. 812
St. Ludger, the first Bishop of Münster, lived in the time of the emperor Charlemagne; of whom this notable thing is told, that when, called by the emperor, he refused once and again to come because he was busy reciting the praises of God, he excused himself to the emperor that he was then giving service to a greater Lord, and was wonderfully praised for it by the pious and religious emperor. He wrote, after St. Marcellinus, an excellent letter on the life and miracles of St. Suitbert, which is extant in Surius on the first of March. He is said also to have written the deeds of St. Boniface, Bishop and Martyr, and Apostle of Germany.
Aponius. 812
Aponius, a learned man, wrote on the Canticle of Canticles of Solomon; which work is extant in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 1, second edition; and he is said to have flourished in the year of the Lord 812.
Paschasius Radbertus. 820
Paschasius Radbertus, Abbot of Corbie, flourished in the time of Pope Paschal the first and the emperor Louis. He wrote a notable book On the body and blood of the Lord, which is extant in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 6, second edition. He wrote also the life of St. Adalard the Abbot, which is in Surius on the 2nd of January. He wrote too a book on the Threnes of Jeremias, which was published at Cologne in the year 1532. This author was the first who wrote seriously and at length on the truth of the body and blood of the Lord in the Eucharist, against Bertram the Presbyter, who was among the first who called it into doubt.
Claudius Scotus. 820
Claudius Scotus lived in the time of the emperor Louis the Pious, whose expedition against the Northmen he mentions in the preface of the commentary on Matthew; and that expedition happened in the second year of Louis, which was the year of the Lord 815. This author is said to have written not only on Matthew but also on Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, the book of Judges and Ruth; but whether these are extant I confess I do not know.
Jonas of Orléans. 820
Jonas, Bishop of Orléans, under the same emperor Louis wrote three books, which are extant, against Claudius, Bishop of Turin, in defence of the sacred images, of the sign of the Holy Cross, and of pilgrimages to holy places. But this author is yet to be read with caution, because he labours under the same error as Agobard and the other Gauls of that age, who denied that any religious worship is owed to the sacred images; on which see Anastasius the Librarian in the preface to the seventh Synod.
St. Theodore the Studite. 820
St. Theodore the Studite, a wonderful man, mighty in work and word, fought for the worship of the sacred images, and against the heresy defending that adultery could be made lawful by dispensation, even to exile, prisons and various punishments. At last, famous for miracles, he passed to heaven in the year of the Lord 826. See Cardinal Baronius, Annals volume 9, where he treats of this holy man at great length and often brings in fragments of his letters. He wrote very many letters, over 200, most useful and most learned, of which two are extant in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 3, second edition. There is extant also in Surius, on the 16th [19th?] of December [April], the life of St. Plato the Abbot, St. Theodore's predecessor, written by St. Theodore the Studite himself. There are extant too the Catecheses and homilies of the same Theodore the Studite, published at Antwerp, translated partly by Andreas Schott, Presbyter of the Society of Jesus, partly by Joannes Livineius, Canon. There is extant lastly an oration on the Cross by the same author, in the second volume On the Cross of Jacob Gretser of the Society of Jesus.
Halitgar. 830
Halitgar, Bishop of Cambrai, lived in the time of Louis the Pious, and wrote five books on vices and virtues and the order of penitents, which are extant in Henricus Canisius, volume 5, second part, of the Ancient Readings.
Amalarius Fortunatus. 830
Amalarius Fortunatus, Bishop of Trier, flourished in the time of the supreme Pontiff Gregory IV [“VI” printed] and the emperor Louis the Pious, to whom he dedicated his books. He wrote four books On Church offices. He wrote also a book On the order of the antiphonary, in which he testifies that he was sent by the emperor Louis to the Pontiff Gregory IV.
Nithard. 830
Nithard, the son of [a daughter of] Charlemagne by Bertha, wrote four books on the discord of the sons of the emperor Louis the Pious. He begins from the death of Charlemagne, that is, from the year of the Lord 814, and brings the history to the year of the Lord 843. This history is extant with the chronicle of Flodoard and the annals of the Franks, printed at Paris in the year of the Lord 1588 [“1388” printed].
Freculph of Lisieux. 830
Freculph, a Monk of St. Benedict and afterwards Bishop of Lisieux, flourished under the same emperor Louis. For he wrote to Judith, the wife of Louis, five books of universal history from the founding of the world to the year of the Lord six hundred; but he himself lived to the year of the Lord 840. But in this he is found to have been mistaken, that he wrote, volume 2, book 4, chapter 20, “that the Goths were converted to the Christian faith by the Arians.” For Theodoret writes, History book 4, last chapter, that the Goths were taught the Catholic faith by Bishop Ulfilas, but that afterwards both Ulfilas himself and his peoples were led astray by the Arians. For Heretics know how not to convert Pagans but to pervert Catholics, as Tertullian writes in the book On prescriptions.
Hilduin the Abbot. 830
Hilduin, Abbot of St. Denis, at the request of the emperor Louis the Pious wrote the Areopagitica, which are extant with the letters prefixed, of Louis to Hilduin and of Hilduin to the emperor. These are found in Surius, volume 5, on the 9th of October. But what Hilduin writes at the end of the book, that St. Dionysius suffered at the beginning of the 16th year of Domitian, and of Christ 96, is not without doubt. For St. Ignatius suffered martyrdom in the 11th year of Trajan, on the witness of St. Jerome, On ecclesiastical writers, under Ignatius. And St. Dionysius was consummated by martyrdom after St. Ignatius, whom he cites by name in the book On the divine names, chapter 4; and he cites from the letter to the Romans, which St. Ignatius wrote in the very year in which he died. And it is known that Trajan ruled after the deaths of Domitian and of his successor Nerva. So it seems necessary that St. Dionysius died not under Domitian but under Trajan or Hadrian, and not in the year of Christ 96 but after the hundredth year of the Lord.
Theodulf, Bishop of Orléans. 833
Theodulf, Abbot of Fleury and then Bishop of Orléans, flourished in the time of the emperor Louis the Pious with the praise of his wit. For he wrote much, both in prose and in verse; his is the poem which is sung on Palm Sunday, “Gloria, laus, et honor tibi sit, Rex Christe Redemptor.” Many other poems of his are extant in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 8, second edition; there is extant also in Cardinal Baronius, Annals volume 9, at the year of the Lord 833, a letter worth reading to his clergy of Orléans.
Rabanus, Bishop of Mainz. 833
Rabanus Maurus, a German by nation, was Abbot of Fulda in the time of the emperor Louis the Pious; he was created Bishop of Mainz in the time of Lothar his son. He died in the year of the Lord 856 [“836” printed], in the time of the emperor Louis the younger. He was a man as learned as he was pious. He wrote much in verse and prose. He published commentaries on the whole sacred Scripture of both Testaments. He published also three books On the instruction of Clerics, which are extant printed with many others of like subject at Cologne in the year 1508 [as printed]. But above the rest he wrote in the flower of his age an admirable work, in prose and in verse, on the praises of the holy Cross, to Pope Gregory IV, in the year of the Lord 843 [as printed]; which, Gregory being dead, he sent to Sergius his successor. This work is extant, published by the care of Jakob Wimpfeling in the year 1501. Among the works of Rabanus is also the commentary on the Threnes which is attributed by some to St. Jerome; but it is truly Rabanus's, not Jerome's, as we said above.
Strabo of Fulda. 840
Strabo, a Monk of Fulda, a disciple of Rabanus, taking the explanations of the Scriptures from his Master's works, composed the gloss called the ordinary gloss on the Scripture of both Testaments, which was afterwards enlarged and adorned by later men.
St. Eulogius the Martyr. 850
St. Eulogius, Martyr, and Bishop elect of the Church of Toledo, lived in the time of the persecution of the Saracens, who had set up the seat of their kingdom at Cordoba. And that persecution, in which many glorious Martyrs by the short way of a holy death came into possession of eternal life, fell in the years of the Lord 850 and 851. St. Eulogius therefore, on the occasion of the persecution, wrote the Memorial of the Martyrs, where in three books he described the martyrdoms of the Martyrs of Cordoba; likewise the Apology for the Martyrs; likewise some letters; likewise the lesson, or exhortation, to martyrdom, or martyr's lesson. They are extant in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 9, second edition. At last St. Eulogius himself fell a Martyr in the year of the Lord 859. See the annals of Cardinal Baronius at this year.
Haymo of Halberstadt. 850
Haymo, Bishop of Halberstadt, once a disciple of Alcuin, is said to have written very much on all the books of divine Scripture. But whether all are extant I do not know. There are extant commentaries on the Psalms; likewise on all the letters of St. Paul; likewise on all the Prophets and the Canticle of Canticles; likewise on the Apocalypse; likewise two volumes of homilies on the Gospels; likewise three books on the memory of Christian things. He died in the year of the Lord 853, from the annals of Cardinal Baronius at this year. Others write otherwise.
Angelomus. 850
Angelomus, a Gallic Monk, flourished in the time of the emperor Lothar. He wrote on the four books of Kings and on the Canticle of Canticles an explanation from the ancient Fathers. Further, in the preface to the Canticles Angelomus praises the emperor Lothar, because, leaving the empire, he was made a Monk and died in the monastery.
Christian Druthmar
Christian Druthmar, a Gallic Monk, wrote commentaries on the Gospel of St. Matthew, which is extant printed in the year 1530.
Walafrid Strabo. 840
Walafrid, called Strabo from a defect of the eyes, Abbot of Reichenau, wrote a quite useful book on Church matters, which is extant with other like books printed together at Cologne in the year of the Lord 1568, and afterwards at Rome in the year 1590. He wrote also two books on Saints Gall the Abbot and Othmar, which are extant in Surius on the 16th of October and the 16th of November. He was famous in the time of the emperor Louis the Pious, and is said to have died in the year of the Lord 849.
Simeon Metaphrastes. 850
Simeon Metaphrastes flourished a little before the year of the Lord 859; since Psellus, who was living in this year, is said to have given an oration at the funeral of Simeon Metaphrastes. See the annals of Cardinal Baronius at this year. He wrote the lives of the saints for each month, which we have in Latin dress in the volumes of Aloysius Lippomano, and in part in Surius, On the lives of the saints. But this must be observed: that the histories of the lives of the saints were written by Metaphrastes with many things added from his own wit, not as the things were done but as they could have been done. For Metaphrastes adds many conversations or dialogues of the Martyrs with the persecutors, some conversions too of the Pagans standing by, in such number that they seem incredible; lastly very many and very great miracles in the overthrow of temples and idols and in the slaying of persecutors, of which there is no mention in the old historians. This too must be observed: that some histories of the saints seem to have been added by later men, and that not all are of the same author. For some lives of Saints are found who lived after the death of Metaphrastes; which Cardinal Baronius also noted, Annals volume 10, at the year 859 [as printed “839”].
Pope Nicholas the first. 858
Pope Nicholas the first began to sit in the Apostolic See in the year of the Lord 858, and sat ten years [nine]. He was a man endowed with holiness and learning, and also with constancy and strength of great mind. He wrote very many letters, which are extant printed together in one great volume, apart from the other papal letters; of which the chief is to the emperor Michael, which Anastasius the Librarian testifies in his life was composed by the Pontiff himself; and since the style of all the letters is the same, it can be gathered that all are Nicholas's, and not those who were his secretaries'.
Photius, Bishop of Constantinople. 858
Photius, Bishop of Constantinople, lived in the time of the Pontiff Nicholas and the emperor Michael. He was a man of great learning but greater wickedness. He wrote the Nomocanon, which is extant with the interpretation of Balsamon. He wrote also the huge Library, which is also extant. See on his ambition, for which he corrupted the letters of the Roman Pontiffs and made up Synods, volume 3 of the general Councils printed in Greek and Latin at Rome, and also volume 10 of the annals of Cardinal Baronius.
Nicetas David. 858
Nicetas, surnamed David, lived in the same times as Photius, and faithfully wrote the life of St. Ignatius, Bishop of Constantinople, and at the same time described the vices of Photius, who wonderfully harassed St. Ignatius. The book of Nicetas on the life of St. Ignatius is extant printed in Greek and Latin at Rome with the eighth general Synod.
Anastasius the Librarian and Abbot. 858
Anastasius the Librarian, a Roman Abbot, a man learned in Greek and Latin, flourished at this very time. He wrote the lives of the Roman Pontiffs from St. Peter to Nicholas the first; he turned into the Latin tongue the seventh general Council; and he wrote in Latin the eighth general Council, at which he was present. He turned also into the Latin tongue the life of St. John the Almsgiver.
Hincmar of Reims. 860
Hincmar, Bishop of Reims, lived in the time of the Pontiff Nicholas the first, to whom he wrote and from whom he often received letters; and at last he died in the year of the Lord 882, having sat thirty-seven years, on the witness of Flodoard in the history of Reims. He wrote a letter of exhortation to Charles the Fat; likewise another on good rule to the sons of the emperor Louis the younger, which Flodoard mentions in his life. The letters of Hincmar are extant printed at Mainz in the year 1602. He wrote also the life of St. Remigius, Bishop of Reims, which is extant in Surius on the 13th [“15” printed] of January; he wrote also an encomium of the same St. Remigius, which is extant in Surius on the first of October.
Show the Latin (Vives edition, OCR)
S.ECULUM NONUM AB ANNO 800. AD 900. De S. Nicephoro 811. Sanctus Nicephorus Episcopus Constanti- AB ANNO DOM. 800. AD 900. 42 3 nopolitanus vixit tempore Leonis tertii Pon¬ tificis, ad quem anno Dom. 811. misit epi¬ stolam valde prolixam, quae exstat tomo 9. annalium Card. Baronii. Scripsit etiam chronicum, quod exstat in bibliotheca san¬ ctorum Patrum tomo secundo edit, secundae. Scripsit quoque quatuor opuscula contra Ico- nomachos, quae exstant apud HenricumCani- siumtomo quarto antiquae lectionis. Tandem vir sanctissimus propter fidei confessionem in exilio obiit anno Domini 828. De Usuardo. 812. Usuardus Monachus natione Gallus, Al- cuini discipulus, jussu Caroli Magni marty- rologium scripsit satis accuratum et celebre, quo multae Ecclesiae usae sunt. . De S. Ludgero. 812. Sanctus Ludgerus primus Episcopus Mo- nasteriensis, vixit tempore Caroli Magni imp. de quo illud insigne narratur quod cum ab imperatore vocatus semel atque iterum ire recusasset, quod in Dei laudibus recitandis occupatus esset : et ipse apud imperatorem se purgavit, quod majori itomino obsequium tunc praestaret, et a pio et religioso impera¬ tore mirifice inde laudatus fuit. Scripsit post Sanctum Marcellinum, epistolam egregiam de vita et miraculis Sancti Suiberti, quae ex¬ stat apud Surium die primo Martii. Dicitur etiam scripsisse res gestas Sancti Bonifacii Episcopi et Martyris, atque Apostoli Germa¬ niae. De Aponio. 812. Aponius vir doctus scripsit in Cantica canticum Salomonis : quod opus exstat in bibliotheca sanctorum Patrum tomo i. edit. 2. et floruisse dicitur anno Dom. 812. De Paschasio Rutberto. 820. Paschasius Rutbertus Abbas Corbeiensis floruit tempore Paschalis Papae primi, et Ludovici imperatoris. Scripsit insignem li¬ brum de corpore, et sanguine Domini, qui exstat in biblotheca sanctorum Patrum tomo vi. edit. 2. Scripsit etiam vitam S. Adhelardi Abbatis, quae est apud Surium die 2. Januarii. Scripsit quoque in Threnos llie- remiae librum, qui editus est Coloniae anno 1532. Hic auctor primus fuit, qui serio et copiose scripsit de veritate corporis, et san¬ guinis Domini, in Eucharistia, contra Ber- tramum Presbyterum, qui fuit ex primis qui eam in dubium revocarunt. I De Claudio Scoto. 820. Claudius Scotus vivit tempore Ludovici Pii imperatoris, cujus expeditionis in North- manos meminit praefatione commentarii in Matthaeum. Contigit autem ea expeditio anno secundo Ludovici, qui fuit annus Dom. 815. Fertur hic auctor scripsisse non solum in Matthaeum, sed etiam in Genesim, Exodum, Leviticum, Numeros, Deuteronomium, Jo- sue, lib. Judicum, et Ruth : an autem haec exstent, ignorare me fateor. De Jona Aurelianensi. 820. Jonas Episcopus Aurelianensis eodem im¬ perante Ludovico scripsit libros tres, qui exstant, adversus Claudium Episcopum Tau- rinensem pro defensione sacrarum imagi¬ num, et signi Sanctae Crucis, et peregrina¬ tionum ad loca sancta. Sed hic tamen auctor caute legendus est, quoniam laborat eodem errore, quo Abogardus, et reliqui ejus aetatis Galli, qui negabant sacris imaginibus ullum deberi cultum religiosum : de qua re, vide Anastasium biblothecarium praefatione in septimam Synodum. De S. Theodoro Studite. 820. Sanctus Theodorus Studites, vir admiran¬ dus, et potens opere, et sermone, dimicavit pro cultu sacrarum imaginum, et contra haeresim defendentem adulterium posse fi¬ eri licitum ex dispensatione, usque ad exilia, carceres, et supplicia varia. Tandem mira¬ culis clarius migravit in coelum anno Dom. 826. Vide Card. Baronium tomo ix. anna¬ lium, ubi fusissime de hoc sancto viro agit, et saepe fragmenta epistolarum ejus adducit. Scripsit epistolas plurimas, supra 200. utilis- mas, et doctissimas : quarum duae exstant in bibliotheca sanctorum Patrum tomo m. edit, secundae. Exstat etiam apud Surium die i 6. Decembris vita S. Platonis Abbatis, praede¬ cessoris S. Theodori, ab ipso Sancto Theo¬ doro Studite conscripta. Exstant quoque Ca¬ techeses, et homiliae ejusdem Theodori Stu- ditae editae Antwerpiae interpretibus partim 424 I)E SCRIPTORIBUS ECCLESIASTICIS Andrea Scotto Societatibus Jesu Presbytero, Partim Joanne Divincio Canonico. Exstat denique oratio de Cruce, ejusdem auctoris, in secundo tomo de Cruce, Jacobi Gretseri societatis Jesu. De Halitcario. 830. Halitcarius Episcopus Cameracensis, vixit tempore Ludovici Pii, et scripsit libros quin¬ que de vitiis, et virtutibus, et ordine poeni- tentium, qui exstant apud Henricum Cani- sium tomo quinto, parte secunda antiquee lectionis. De Amalario Fortunato. 830. Amalarius Fortunatus Episcopus Trevi- rensis floruit tempore Gregorii VI. summi Pontificis, et Ludovici Pii imperatoris, cui libros suos dedicavit. Scripsit libros quatuor de Ecclesiasticis officiis. Item scripsit librum de ordine antiphonarii, in quo se missum fuisse testatur a Ludovico imperatore ad Gregorium IV. Pontificem. De Nithardo. 830. Nithardus Caroli Magni filius ex Bertha scripsit libros quatuor de dissidio filiorum Ludovici Pii imp. incipit autem ab excessu Caroli Magni, id est, ab anno Dotn. 814. et perducit historiam ad annum Dom. 843. Ex¬ stat haec historia cum chronico Frodoardi, et annalibus Francorum, excusa Parisiis an¬ no Domini 1388. De Freculpho Lexoviensi. 830. Freculphus Monachus S. Benedicti, et postea Episcopus Lexoviensis, eodem Ludo¬ vico imperatore floruit. Scripsit enim ad Ju- ditham Ludovici uxorem libros quinque historiae universalis ab orbe condito usque ad annum Domini sexcentesimum : sed ipse vixit usque ad annum Dom. 840. in eo au¬ tem falsus fuisse invenitur, quod scripsit tomo secundo libro quarto capit. 20. « Go¬ thos ab Arianis ad fidem Christianam fuisse conversos. » Scribit enim Theodoretus lib. iv. hist. cap. ultimo, Gothos ab Ulphila Episcopo fidem Catholicam fuisse edoctos ; sed postea tum ipsum Ulphilam, tum ejus populos ab Arianis fuisse seductos, neque enim Haeretici Paganos convertere, sed Ca¬ tholicos pervertero norunt, ut scribit Tertul¬ lianus in lib. de praescriptionibus. De Hilduino Abbate. 830. Hilduinus Abbas S Dionysii petente impe¬ ratore Ludovico Pio scripsit Areopagitica, quae exstant cum epistolis praefixis Ludovici ad Hilduinum, et Hilduini ad imperatorem. Reperiuntur haec apud Surium tomo quinto die 9. Octobris. Sed quod in extremo libro Hilduinus scribit, passum esse Sanctum Dio¬ nysium anno Domitiani 16. ingruente, et Christi 96. non caret dubitatione : nam S. Ignatius martyrium fecit anno 11. Trajani, teste Sancto Hieronymo de scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, in Ignatio. Sanctus autem Dionysius martyrio consummatus est post Sanctum Ignntium, quem nominatim citat in libro de divinis nominibus cap. 4., citat autem ex epistola ad Romanos quam scripsit Sanctus Ignatius illo ipso anno, quo mortuus est. Notum vero est Trajanum post Domitia¬ ni, et successoris ejus Nervae obitum, impe- - rasse. Itaque necesse esse videtur, ut San¬ ctus Dionysius non sub Domitiano, sed sub Trajano, vel Hadriano, et non anno Christi 96. sed post annum Domini centesimum obierit. De Theodulpho Aurelianensi Episcopo. 833. Theodulphus Abbas Floriacensis, ac dein¬ de Episcopus Aurelianensis, tempore Ludo¬ vici Pii, imperatoris floruit laude ingenii. Scripsit enim multa, et soluta oratione, et versibus ; illius est carmen, quod canitur in die Palmarum, « Gloria, laus, et honor tibi sit, Rex Christe Redemptor.» Multa alia car¬ mina ipsius exstant in bibliotheca sanctorum Patrum tomo vili. edit. 2. exstat etiam apud Card. Baronium tomo ix. annalium, ad annum Dom. 833. epistola lectu digna ad clerum suum Aurelianensem. De Rabano Episcopo Moguntino. 833. Rabanus Maurus, natione Germanus, Ab¬ bas Fuldensis fuit tempore Ludovici Pii imp. Episcopus Moguntinus creatus est tempore Lotharii ejus filii. Obiit anno Dom. 836. tempore Ludovici junioris imp. Vir fuit ajque doctus, ac pius. Scripsit multa et versu, et prosa. Edidit commentaria in universam sacram Scripturam utriusque Testamenti, AB ANNO DOM. 800. AD 900. 425 Edit etiam libros tces de institutione Cle¬ ricorum, qui exstant cum aliis multis similis argumenti impressi Coloni® anno 1508. Sed pr®ter csetera scripsit in flore setatis su® opus admirandum soluta et ligata oratione de laudibus sanet® Crucis ad Gregorium quartum Papam anno Dom. 843. quod mor¬ tuo Gregorio misit ad Sergium successorem. Exstat hoc opus editum studio Jacobi Wim- phelingii anno 1501. inter opera Rabani, et commentarium in Threnos, quod ab aliqui¬ bus tribuitur Sancto Hieronymo ; sed vere Rabani est, non Hieronymi, ut diximus su¬ pra. De Strabo Fuldensi. 840. Strabus Fuldensis Monachus Rabani dis¬ cipulus, ex Magistri operibus decerpens ex¬ plicationes Scripturarum composuitglossam, qu® dicitur ordinaria, in Scriptura utriusque Testamenti, qu® postea aucta et ornata a posterioribus fuit. De Sancto Eidngio Martyre. 850. Sanctus Eulogius Martyr, et Episcopus electus Toletan® Ecclesi®, vixit tempore persecutionis Saracenorum, qui Cordub® se¬ dem regni constituerant : incidit autem ea persecutip, in qua multi gloriosi Martyres compendio mortis sacr® vitam ®ternam pos¬ sederunt, in annos Dom. 850. et 851. San¬ ctus igitur Eulogius occasione persecutionis scripsit memoriale Martyrum, ubi tribus li¬ bris descripsit martyria Cordubensium Mar¬ tyrum. Item Apologeticum pro Martyribus. Item epistolas aliquot. Item documentum sive exhortationem ad martyrium; sive documentum martiriale. Exstant in bibliotheca sanctorum Patrum tomo nono edit. 2. Tandem et ipse Sanctus Eulogius Martyr occubuit anno Dom. 859. Vide annales Card. Baronii ad hunc annum. De Haymone Halberstatensi. 850. Haymo Episcopus Ilalberstatensis, disci¬ pulus quondam Alcuini, plurima dicitur scri¬ psisse in omnes Scriptu r® divin® libros. Sed utrum omnia exstent, ignoro. Exstant commentaria in Psalmos. Item in epistolas omnes Sancti Pauli. Item in Prophetas omnes, et Cantica can¬ ticorum. Item in Apocalypsim. • Item in Evangelia homiliarum tomi duo. Item de Christianarum rerum memoria libri tres. Obiit anno Dom. 853. ex annalibus Card. Baronii ad hunc annum. Alii aliter scribunt. De Angelomo. 850. Angelomus Monachus Gallus floruit Lo- tharii imperatoris tempore. Scripsit in qua- tuor libros Regum, et in Cantica canticorum, ex antiquis Patribus explicationem. Porro pr®fatione in Cantica laudat impe¬ ratorem Lotharium Angelomus, quod impe¬ rio dimisso Monachus factus sit, et in mona¬ sterio obierit. De Christiano Druthmaro . Christianus Druthmarus Monachus Gallus scripsit commentaria in Evangelium Sancti Matth®i; quod exstat impressum anno 1530. De Walafrido Strabone. 840. Walafridus Strabo a vitio oculorum sic appellatus, Abbas Augi®, scripsit de rebus Ecclesiasticis librum satis utilem, qui exstat cum aliis similibus libris una impressis Co¬ loni® anno Dom. 1568. et postea Rom® an¬ no 1590. Scripsit etiam duos libros de San¬ ctis Gallo Abbate, et Othmaro, qui exstant apud Surium die 16. Octobris et die 16. No¬ vembris. Claruit tempore Ludovici Pii imp. et obiisse dicitur anno Dom. 849. De Simeone Metaphraste. 850. Simeon Metaphrastes floruit paulo ante annum Dom. 859., Siquidem Psellus, qui hoc anno vivebat orationem habuisse dicitur in funere Simeonis Metaphrast®. Vide annales Card. Baronii ad hunc annum. Scripsit vi¬ tas sanctorum per singulos menses, quas ha¬ bemus latinitate donatas in tomis Aloysii Li- pomani, et ex parte apud Surium, de vitis sanctorum. Illud autem est observandum a Metaphraste scriptas fuisse historias de vitis sanctorum multis additis ex proprio ingenio non ut res gest® fuerunt, sed ut geri potue¬ runt : addit enim Metaphrastes multa collo¬ quia sive dialogos Martyrum cum persecu- 426 DE SCRIPTORIBUS ECCLESIASTICIS toribus, aliquas etiam conversiones astanti¬ um Paganorum in tanto numero, ut incre¬ dibiles videantur : denique miracula pluri¬ ma, et maxima in eversione templorum, tet idolorum, et in occisione persecutorum, quo¬ rum nulla est mentio apud veteres histori¬ cos. Illud quoque observandum est, aliquas historias sanctorum videri additas a poste¬ rioribus, et non omnes esse auctoris ejusdem. Inveniuntur enim vitae aliquae Sanctorum, qui post obitum Metaph rastae vixerunt, quod etiam notavit Card. Baronius tom. x. anna¬ lium, ad annum 839. De Nicolao Papa primo. 838. Nicolaus Papa primus sedere coepit in Apostolica Sede anno Dom. 858., et sedit annos decem. Vir fuit, sanctitate et doctri¬ na, necnon animi magni constantia et vir¬ tute praeditus. Scripsit epistolas plurimas, quae exstant seorsim ab aliis pontificiis episto¬ lis in uno magno volumine simul excusae, quarum praecipua est ad Michaelem impe¬ ratorem quam ab ipso Pontilice compositam fuisse testatur Anastasius bibliothecarius in ejus vita : et quoniam stylus est idem omnium epistolarum, colligi potest omnium esse Nicolaum, non autem qui ei a secretis erant. De Photio Episcopo Constantinopolitano. 858. Photius Episcopus Constantinopolitanus tempore Nicolai Pontificis, et Michaelisimp. vixit : fuit homo magnae eruditionis, sed majoris nequitiae. Scripsit Nomocanonem, qui exstat cum interpretatione Balsamonis. Scripsit etiam ingentem bibliothecam, quae etiam exstat. Vide de ejus ambitione, ob quam corrupit epistolas Pontificum Roma¬ norum, et finxit Synodos, tomum m. Con¬ ciliorum generalium Graece et Latine Romae excusorum, necnon Card. Baronii tomum x. annalium. De Niceta David. 858. Nicetas cognomento David vixit iisdem temporibus, quibus Photius, et fideliter scri¬ psit vitam S. Ignatii Episcopi Gonstantino- politani, et simul etiam descripsit vitia Pho- tii, qui Sanctum Ignatium mire vexavit. Exstait liber Nicetae de vita Sancti Ignatii Graece et Latine Romae excusus cum octava Synodo generali. De Anastasio bibliothecario et Abbate. 838. Anastasius bibliothecarius, et Abbas Ro¬ manus, vir doctus Graece et Latine, hoc ip¬ so tempore floruit. Scripsit vitas Pontificum Romanorum a Sancto Petro usque ad Nico¬ laum primum : vertit in Latinam linguam Concilium septimum generale : et scripsitLa- tine Concilium generale octavum, cui ipse interfuit. Vertit etiam in Latinum sermonem vitam Sancti Joannis Eleemosynarii. De Hincma.ro Rhemensi. 860. Hincmarus Episcopus Rhemensis, vixittem- pore Nicolai primi Pontificis, ad quem scri¬ psit, et a quo saepe litteras accepit : et tandem obiit anno Dom. 882. cura sedisset annis tri¬ ginta septem, teste Frodoardo in historia Rhemensi. Scripsit epistolam parseneticam ad Carolum Crassum : item aliam de bono regi¬ mine ad filios Ludovici junioris imperatoris, quarum meminit Frodoardus in ejus vita. Exstant epistolae Hincmari excusae Moguntice anno 1602. Scripsit quoque vitam S. Remi¬ gii Episcopi Rhemensis, quae exstat apudSu- rium dic 15. Januarii : scripsit etiam enco- mium ejusdem Sancti Remigii, quod exstat apud Surium die prima Octobris.