Bellarmine · De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis · On the Ecclesiastical Writers
Chapter 25: The Ninth to the Eleventh Century: John the Deacon to Anselm of Lucca
Our translation, from the Latin of the Opera Omnia (Paris: Vivès, 1870–74), vol. XII, De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, of the New Testament, ninth to eleventh centuries. The Latin source text is public domain; this English rendering is released with the site. Scripture quotations follow Bellarmine's Vulgate citations, rendered in Douay-Rheims wording where he quotes exactly. Click “Show the Latin” for the original (raw OCR of the scan; scanning errors remain — the scan itself is the authority).
John the Deacon. 873
John the Deacon lived in the time of Pope John the eighth, to whom he dedicated the life of St. Gregory, that is, in the year of the Lord 873 [872]; for in this year John the eighth began to sit. This author wrote four books on the life of Pope St. Gregory the first, in which he followed out his deeds most exactly.
Aimoin. 873
Aimoin, a Gallic Monk, is said to have written many things; but now there is extant only (so far as I know) the history of the deeds of the Franks, which he brings from the first king Pharamond to the death of Louis the Pious, the son of Charlemagne, and the year of the Lord 840. The rest, to the year of the Lord 1165, seems to have been added by someone else. For he himself at the beginning of his work promised to write only four books, and in four books he comprised the deeds of the Franks to the last times of Louis the Pious. But at the end of the fourth book he says he wishes to write a fifth book on the beginnings of Louis, which he had touched too briefly in the fourth book; and in that fifth book, chapter 17, he says that he interpreted to Louis what the dire comet that had then appeared portended; and in the two following chapters he declares the end of the life of Louis, which happened in the year of Christ 840. And there we think is the end of Aimoin's history; nor is it in any way credible that he survived to the year of the Lord one thousand one hundred and sixty-five, to which his history is extended. So what is said in chapter 28 against the eighth Synod and the veneration of images does not seem to be attributed to Aimoin, but to the one who continued his history.
Ado of Vienne. 879
Ado, Bishop of Vienne, wrote a chronicle of the six ages of the world from the founding of the world to the year of the Lord 879.
Remigius of Auxerre. 890
Remigius, a Monk of Auxerre, seems to have flourished about the year of the Lord 890; since Fulk, Bishop of Reims, who sat at this time, called Master Remigius of Auxerre to Reims to restore the schools, as Flodoard testifies in his life. This Remigius was held the most learned man of that age. He wrote commentaries on the Psalms, taking much from the Fathers Ambrose and Augustine. He wrote also on the twelve Prophets. He wrote too on the divine offices; all of which works are extant printed. He wrote also an exposition of the Mass, which is found in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 6, second edition. He wrote on many other subjects, whether these are extant I do not know.
Ambrose Autpert. 890
Ambrose Autpert, a Monk, flourished at the same time. He wrote on the Apocalypse, on the Psalms and on the Canticle of Canticles. He is said also to have written on cupidity, and letters to various persons.
The tenth century, from the year 900 to 1000
Leo the Wise, emperor
Leo, the sixth [“VII” printed] emperor of this name, was not without cause called the wise; for he wrote a notable letter to the king of the Saracens on the truth of the Christian faith and the impiety of the Saracens, where in plain words he affirms that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. This letter is extant in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 3. There are extant also in the Vatican Library very many orations of this emperor, whose titles, and one whole, Cardinal Baronius gives, Annals volume 10, at the year of the Lord 911, in which year this emperor died. These orations are extant put into Latin and printed at Ingolstadt. Jacob Gretser, theologian of the Society of Jesus, also gives, in volume 2 On the Cross, another oration of the same Leo on the Cross. So this emperor lit up this century, otherwise very dark.
Idiota. 902
A certain Idiota, suppressing his own name, wrote about this time a notable book of contemplations and another on humility, which are extant in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 5, second edition.
Mark the Hermit. 906
Mark the Hermit lived at this same time; since he cured the emperor Leo VI when wounded, and foretold him ten years of life, as Zonaras and other Greek historians tell. He wrote many little theological works, which are extant in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 5, second edition. But those works so swarm with errors against the faith that I am forced to suspect that they were either made up by the Heretics of our time or much corrupted; nor have I mentioned this author for any other cause than to warn that he is to be read most cautiously; for there is no lack of other pious authors who can be read without such danger.
Regino the Abbot. 908
Regino, Abbot of Prüm, seems to have flourished at the beginning of the year nine hundred. For he wrote two books of chronicles from the coming of the Lord to the nine hundred and eighth year of the same Lord, as he himself testifies at the beginning of his work. But some other, anonymous, continued it to the year 987 [967?]. He is said also to have written two books on Christian discipline, which I do not think are extant.
Radulph of Flavigny. 910
Radulph, a Monk of Flavigny [Saint-Germer-de-Fly], flourished in the year of the Lord 910. He wrote twenty books on Leviticus, which were printed at Cologne in the year 1536. He wrote also 14 books on the letters of St. Paul, for the number of the letters.
Liutprand of Pavia. 946
Liutprand, Deacon of Pavia and afterwards Bishop of Cremona, was a man of much authority for learning and prudence. He discharged an embassy in the name of the emperor [king] Berengar to Constantine the Greek emperor in the year of the Lord 946 [949], which embassy he himself mentions; and the history of this embassy is extant in Henricus Canisius, volume 6 of the Ancient Readings. He wrote six books of histories on the deeds done in Europe in his time. But Cardinal Baronius, Annals volume 10, at the year of the Lord 963, not without cause suspects that from the sixth chapter of the sixth book the history is not Liutprand's but of some anonymous author; for we have seen this also in Regino and in others, that they are continued and extended by someone else.
Widukind. 946
Widukind, a Monk of Corvey, an author of the same time, wrote three books on Saxon affairs, where he describes the deeds of the emperors Otto.
Stephen of Autun. 950
Stephen, Bishop of Autun, wrote On the Sacrament of the altar, and the things that belong to it. This work is extant in volume 6 of the Library of the Holy Fathers, second edition; and he is said to have flourished in the year of the Lord 950.
Flodoard. 960
Flodoard, Abbot [canon] of Reims, wrote the chronicle of Reims from the year of the Lord nine hundred and nineteen to the year nine hundred and sixty-six, in which year he is believed to have died. It is extant with other writers of French affairs from the library of P. Pithou, printed at Paris in the year 1588. [The scan's columns are merged here with the next entry.]
Moses bar Kepha
Moses bar Kepha, a Syrian Bishop, who is said to have flourished in this century, wrote a book on paradise divided into two parts, which is extant in the first volume of the Library of the Holy Fathers, second edition. But this book is to be read with caution, because it affirms not a few things against true theology.
The eleventh century, from the year 1000 to 1100
St. Fulbert of Chartres
St. Fulbert, Bishop of Chartres, flourished at the beginning of this century. He died in the year 1028, on the witness of Cardinal Baronius in the annals, volume 11, at this year. He wrote many letters to various persons, most of which the same Cardinal gives in volume eleven. There is extant also one to Adeodatus on the Sacrament of the Eucharist, joined to the book of Paschasius of Corbie. He wrote too a book On the variety of the Church offices, which you will find in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 3, second edition. His letters and other works are extant printed at Paris in octavo in the year 1580.
St. Burchard of Worms. 1010
St. Burchard, Bishop of Worms, lived at the same time, and in the year 1026 [1025] died holily and religiously, as he had always lived. He wrote twenty books of decrees from the Councils, the Pontiffs and the holy Fathers.
Berno. 1014
Berno, Abbot of Reichenau, lived at the same time. For he himself, in the book On the things belonging to the office of the Mass, chapter 2, testifies that he was present at the coronation of the emperor Henry the first [II], which was done by Pope Benedict the eighth in the year 1014. He was a learned man, and wrote the life of St. Ulrich, Bishop of Augsburg, which is extant in Surius on the 4th of July. He wrote also On the office of the Mass, or On the things belonging to the Mass; which book is extant printed with the others of the same subject at Cologne and at Rome, and in volume 6 of the Library of the Holy Fathers, second edition; from which book too, chapter 2, we learn that it was at this time that the creed of faith first began to be sung at Mass in the Roman Church. He wrote many letters and other works, whether these are extant I do not know.
Rodulfus Glaber. 1040
Rodulfus Glaber, a Monk, wrote the histories of his time in five books, quite exactly; where, however, he says King Conrad died in the year of the Lord 1041, it seems to have been put by the fault of the scribes for the year before the fortieth, that is, the thirty-ninth, as other historians have it, and especially Hermann the Lame. He flourished about the year of the Lord 1040.
Hermann the Lame. 1050
Hermann Contractus, so called from the contraction and weakness of almost all his limbs, was the son of a certain most noble Count, and a very pious Monk of Reichenau. He wrote a chronicle of the six ages of the world, which he brought to the year of the Lord 1052 [1054]. But it was continued by Berthold to the year 1065 [1066]. He is said besides to have written the Antiphon “Salve Regina”, and “Alma Redemptoris”, and also that sequence of the Holy Spirit, “Veni sancte Spiritus, et emitte coelitus lucis tuae radium”, and so on. He wrote very many other things concerning music and the astrolabe. See the chronicle of Hermann, enlarged, in Henricus Canisius, volume 1 of the Ancient Readings.
St. Leo the ninth, Pontiff. 1050
Pope St. Leo IX, from Bishop of Toul, began to sit in the See in the year of the Lord 1049 [“1040” printed], and sat six years; so he died in the year of the Lord 1054 [“1051” printed]. He wrote a notable letter to Michael, Bishop of Constantinople, against the errors of the Greeks, which Sigebert calls a book. He wrote also to Constantine Monomachus, emperor of the Greeks, and to many others; which are extant among the letters of the supreme Pontiffs, and separately in Cardinal Baronius, Annals volume eleven. And besides the letters there are extant also homilies and sermons printed at Louvain in the year of the Lord 1565 and at Cologne in the year 1568.
Cardinal Humbert. 1054
Humbert, Cardinal Bishop of Silva Candida, was brought to Rome from the Church of Toul by Pope Leo the ninth, and sent by him as legate to Constantinople, since he was most learned in Greek and Latin. He wrote a book against the Greeks on the unleavened bread, in the form of a dialogue. He wrote also another on the fast of the Sabbath, against Nicetas Pectoratus the Greek; which two books are extant in Cardinal Baronius, in the appendix of the eleventh volume of the annals; and in Henricus Canisius, volume 6 of the Ancient Readings, are found also the letters of the Archbishop of Constantinople and of Nicetas, to which Humbert replied. And the first book was written (as is said at the beginning) in the year of the Lord 1054.
Peter Damian. 1060
Peter Damian, so called from the name of his parent [brother] Damian, a noble of Ravenna, was a Monk of the Order of St. Benedict, and then Cardinal Bishop of Ostia of the Holy Roman Church. He lived in the times of Gregory the sixth and his successors down to Gregory the seventh, to all of whom he sent letters. He was a very holy and devout man, and above all a most ardent lover of penance and of an austere life; yet he was meanwhile not without wit, nor was he ignorant of the art of jesting and of biting with salt, as can be understood from the verses to Pope Alexander and to Cardinal Hildebrand, which Cardinal Baronius gives in the Annals at the year of the Lord 1061. He died on an apostolic Legation in the year of the Lord 1072. He wrote very many letters and very many sermons; which two works Dom Constantino Gaetani, a Monk of the Order of St. Benedict, lately put into print at Rome. He wrote also not a few little works, which are found in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 3, second edition. He wrote also the life of St. Odilo the Abbot, which is extant in Surius on the first day of January; and the life of St. Romuald, in the same Surius on the 19th of June; and of St. Dominic Loricatus, in the same Surius on the 14th of October.
First note. In the letter to Dominic, chapter 5, certain lighter things are told of the souls of the dead, which seem to have a relief of their pains on Sunday, and are seen to come out of the lake of Avernus in the form of little birds; which are perhaps more like fables than histories. Second note. In the letter to Bishop Firmin the author seems to blame St. Leo the ninth more freely than was fitting for the war against the Normans; for it is not unlawful for the Supreme Pontiff to defend by arms the cities over which he has temporal dominion; on which see volume eleven of Cardinal Baronius at the year of the Lord 1053 [“1033” printed]. Third note. In the letter to Henry, Bishop of Ravenna, which letter is also called the most grateful book, chapter 4, the author writes that Christ was made Priest in baptism in his 30th year; and in chapter 16 he writes that Pope Liberius was a Heretic and seditious; which are false. For Christ had in the conception all grace and dignity; and Liberius was not a Heretic, as I showed in book 4 On the Pontiff, chapter 9.
Pope St. Gregory VII
St. Gregory flourished in the time of Leo IX; and he began to sit in the Apostolic See in the year 1073, and was glorious not only for learning and prudence but also for holiness and miracles. He sent a huge number of letters to various persons, some part of which he himself testifies were composed and written properly by himself, not by the wit or hand of secretaries.
Lanfranc and Adelmann. 1059
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, a holy and learned man, in the Roman Council under Pope Nicholas the second in the year 1059 [“1039” printed] disputed with the Heresiarch Berengar, and so convicted him that Berengar threw his book into the fire. But when he returned to his vomit, the same Lanfranc wrote a work [against him; he wrote too] on the Psalms of David and on the letters of St. Paul. [The print has broken off here, “scripsit idem Lantfrancus op.”; the words in brackets are supplied from the sense.] At the same time Adelmann, Bishop of Brescia, who had once been the companion and fellow pupil of Berengar, Deacon of Angers, under the teaching of St. Fulbert, Bishop of Chartres, wrote a very learned letter to Berengar on the truth of the Lord's body in the most holy Eucharist, which is extant in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 6, second edition.
Guitmund, Bishop of Aversa. 1070
Guitmund, Bishop of Aversa, lived under the supreme Pontiff Gregory VII, as he himself testifies at the beginning of the first book On the Eucharist. He wrote three books On the body and blood of the Lord in the Sacrament of the Eucharist; and he not only confirmed the truth but also destroyed the contrary arguments learnedly and solidly. He wrote also a confession on the holy Trinity, the humanity of Christ and the truth of the Lord's body; which are extant in the Library of the Holy Fathers, volume 6, second edition, and also separately printed with the books of Lanfranc and Alger. There is one thing in which Guitmund is wont to be blamed: that in book 2 he feared to grant that the Sacramental species can truly be corrupted and decay; which he could have admitted to happen without any injury to the Lord's body.
George Cedrenus. 1070
George Cedrenus, a Greek historian, wrote a compendium of histories from the founding of the world to the year of the Lord 1057; which work is extant in Greek and Latin.
John Curopalates. 1070
John Curopalates wrote a history from the year of the Lord 811 to the year 1081. It is extant with various [histories], printed at Venice in the year 1570.
Theophylact. 1071
Theophylact, Archbishop of the Bulgarians, lived in the time of Pope Alexander the second and the emperor Romanus Diogenes, about the year of the Lord 1071, as Cardinal Baronius shows from the letters of Theophylact himself. He wrote on the minor Prophets Osee, Jonas, Nahum and Habacuc. He wrote on the four Gospels and on all the letters of St. Paul; in which commentaries on the Gospels and on the letters he so followed Chrysostom that he can be called Chrysostom's abridger. Further, that Theophylact was a schismatic can be understood from the commentary on chapter 3 of John, where he blames the Latins for believing that the Holy Spirit proceeds also from the Son.
St. Anselm of Lucca. 1077
St. Anselm of Mantua, Bishop of Lucca, created by Alexander the second, and then, when he had hidden himself in a monastery, recalled to the episcopate by Gregory the seventh, died famous for holiness and miracles in the year of the Lord 1086 [“1077” printed; his entry below refers to 1086]. He wrote two books from the sayings of the Fathers for the decree and deeds of Gregory VII against the emperor Henry and against the Antipope Guibert, which are extant in Henricus Canisius, volume 6 of the Ancient Readings. He wrote too an explanation on the lamentations of Jeremias and on some Psalms; whether these two later works are extant I do not know. After his death he flourished with countless miracles; see the annals of Cardinal Baronius at the year 1086, volume 11.
Show the Latin (Vives edition, OCR)
De Joanne Diacono. 873. Joannes Diaconus vixit tempore Joannis Papae octavi, cui vitam S. Gregorii dedica¬ vit, id est, anno Dom. 873. hoc enim anno sedere coepit Joannes octavus. Scripsit hic auctor libros quatuor de vita Sancti Grego¬ rii Papae primi, in quibus res ejus gestas ac¬ curatissime prosecutus est. De Aimoino. 873. Aimoinus Monachus Gallus multa scri¬ psisse dicitur, sed nunc exstat sola (quod ego sciam) historia de rebus gestis Francorum, quam perducit a primo rege Pharamundo usque ad obitum Ludovici Pii Caroli Magni filii, et annum Dom. 840. Reliqua usque ad annum Dom. 1165. ab aliquo alio addita esse videntur. Ipse enim initio sui operis quatuor tantum libros se scripturum promisit, et quatuor li¬ bris comprehendit res gestas Francorum, usque ad ultima tempora Ludovici Pii. Sed in fine libri quarti dicit, se quintum librum AB ANNO DOM. 900. AB 1000. 427 scribere velle de primordiis Ludovici, quae nimis breviter perstrinxerat in libro quarto : et in ipso libro quinto libro cap. 17. dicit, se interpretatum Ludovicc», quid protenderet dirus cometes, qui tunc apparuerat : et du¬ obus sequentibus capitibus declarat finem vitee Ludovici, quae contigit Christi anno 840. atque ibi existimamus esse finem historiae Aimoini neque ullo modo credibile est eum supervixisse ad annum Domini millesimum centesimum sexagesimum quintum ad quem extenditur ejus historia : quare quod dici¬ tur cap. 28. contra octavam Synodum, et ve¬ nerationem imaginum, non videtur Aimoi- no tribuendum, sed illi, qui historiam ejus continuavit. De Adone Viennensi. 879. Ado Episcopus Viennensis scripsit de sex aetatibus mundi chronicum ab orbe condito usque ad annum Dom. 879. De Remigio Autisiodor ensi. 890. Remigius Autisiodorensis Monachus floru¬ isse videtur circa annum Dom. 890. Siqui¬ dem Fulco Rhemensis Episcopus qui hoc tem¬ pore sedebat, ad scholas instaurandas Ma¬ gistrum Remigium Autisiodorensem Rhemos advocavit, ut Frodoardus in ejus vita testa¬ tur. Fuit hic Remigius vir ea aetate doctissi¬ mus habitus. Scripsit commentaria in Psal¬ mos, ex Patribus Ambrosio et Augustino multa decerpens. Scripsit etiam in duodecim Prophetas. Scripsit quoque de divinis officiis : quae omnia opera impressa exstant. Scripsit etiam expositionem Missae, quae habetur in bib'iotheca sanctorum Patrum in tomo vi. edit. 2. Scripsit de aliis multis argumentis, quae utrum exstent, ignoro. De Ambrosio Ansberto. 890. Ambrosius Ansbertus Monachus eodem tempore floruit. Scripsit autem in Apocaly- psim, in Psalmos et in Cantica Canticorum. Dicitur etiam scripsisse de cupiditate, et epistolas ad diversos. saeculum decimum ab anno 900. ad 1000. De Leone sapiente imperatore. Leo VII. hujus nominis imperator non si¬ ne causa sapiens dictus est; scripsit enim epistolam insignem ad regem Saracenorum de Christianae fidei veritate, et Saracenorum impietate, ubi disertis verbis Spiritum san¬ ctum a Patre et Filio procedere affirmat. Exstat haec epistola in bibliotheca ss. Patrum tomo m. Exstant etiam in Bibliotheca vati- cana orationes hujus imperatoris plurimae, quarum titulos, et unam integram refert Card. Baroni us tomo 10. annalium, ad an¬ num Dom. 911. quo anno hic imperator ob¬ iit. Exstant hae orationes Latine redditae, et Ingolstadii excusae. Refert quoque Jacobus Gretserus societatis Jesu Theologus tomo ii. de Cruce, orationem alteram ejusdem Leo¬ nis de Cruce. Itaque illustravit hic impera¬ tor hoc saeculum, alioqui valde obscurum. De Idiota. 902. Idiota quidam nomine suo suppresso [cir¬ ca hoc tempus scripsit egregium librum contemplationum et alterum de humilitate : qui exstant in bibliotheca ss. Patrum tomo v. edit. 2. De Marco Eremita. 906. Marcus Eremita hoc eodem tempore vixit’ quippe qoi Leonem VI. imperatorem sau¬ cium curavit, et decennium vitae illi praedi¬ xit, ut Zonaras, et alii Graeci historici nar¬ rant. Scripsit multa opuscula theologica, quae exstant in bibliotheca ss. Patrum tomo v. edit. 2. Sed ea opera ita scatent errori¬ bus contra fidem, ut suspicari cogar, vel ab Haereticis nostri temporis conficta, aut valde depravata fuisse neque alia de causa hujus auctoris memini, nisi ut admonerem cautis¬ sime esse legendum : non enim desunt alii auctores pii, qui sine tali periculo legi pos¬ sunt. De Rheginone Abbate. 908. Rhegino Abbas Prumiensis ad initium anni nongentesimi floruisse videtur. Scripsit enim libros duos chronicorum ab adventu Domini usque ad annum ejusdem Domini nongentesimum octavum, ut ipse testatur 428 DE SCRIPTORIBUS ECCLESIASTICIS initio sui operis. Sed continuavit aliquis alius rerum Gallicanarum ex bibliotheca P. Pi- anonymus usque ad annum 987. Dicitur thsei Parisiis anno 1588. excusum, etiam scripsisse de disciplina Christiana li¬ bros duos quos exstare non puto. De Mose Barcepha. De Radulpho Flaviacensi. 910. Radulphus Flaviacensis Monachus floruit anno Dom. 910. Scripsit in Leviticum libros viginti, qui excusi sunt Coloniae anno 1536. Scripsit etiam in epistolas S. Pauli libros 14. pro numero epistolarum. De Luitprando Ticinensi. 946. Luitprandus Ticinensis Diaconus, et post¬ ea Cremonensis Episcopus, vir fuit multae auctoritatis ob eruditionem et prudentiam. Functus est legatione nomine Bertngarii imperatoris ad Constantinum imp. Graecum, anno Dom.- 946 , cujus legationis ipse memi¬ nit, et exstat historia hujus legationis apud Henricum Canisium tomovi. antiquae lectio¬ nis. Scripsit historiarum libros sex de rebus gestis in Europa suo tempore. Sed Card. Ba- ronius tomo 10. annalium ad annum Dom. 963. non sine causa suspicatur, a capite sexto sexti libri historiam non esse Luit- prandi, sed alicujus amonymi auctoris : id enim vidimus etiam in Rheginone, et in aliis ut ab aliquo alio continuentur, et extendan¬ tur. De Witichindo. 946. Witichindus Monachus Corbiensis ejus¬ dem temporis auctor scripsit libros tres de rebus Saxonicis, ubi res gestas Othonum im¬ peratorum describit. De Stephano Eduensi. 950. Stephanus Eduensis Episcopus scripsit de Sacramento altaris, et iis, quae ad illud per¬ tinent. Quod opus exstat in tomo sexto bi¬ bliotheca} ss. Patrum edit, secundae ; dicitur autem floruisse anno Dom. 95U. De Frodoardo. 960. Frodoardus Abbas Rhemensisscripsitchro- nicum Rhemense ab anno Dom. nongentesi¬ mo decimo nono usque ad annum nongente¬ simum sexagesimum sextum : quo anno cre¬ ditur obiisse. Exstat cum aliis scriptoribus Moses Barcepha Episcopus Syrus, qui di¬ citur floruisse hoc saeculo, scripsit librum de paradiso in partes duas divisum, qui exstat in primo tomo bibliothecae S. Patrum, edit, secundae. Est autem hic liber caute legendus, quia non pauca affirmat contra veram theo¬ logiam. SiE CULUM UNDECIMUM AB ANNO 1000. AD 1100. De S. Fulberto Carnotensi. Sanctus Fulbertus Episcopus Carnotensis ad initium hujus saeculi floruit. Obiit autem anno 1028. teste Card. Baronio in annalibus tomo 1 1. ad hunc annum. Scripsit epistolas multas ad diversos, qua¬ rum plerasque ponit idem Card. tomo un¬ decimo. Exstat etiam una ad Adeodatum de Sacramento Eucharistiae adjuncto libro Pa- schasii Corbeiensis. Scripsit quoque librum de officiorum Ecclesiasticorum varietate , quem invenies in bibliotheca ss. Patrum to¬ mo m. edit, secundae. Exstant epistolae, et alia opera ejus impressa Parisiis in octavo anno 1580. De S. Burchardo Vormaciensi. 1010. Sanctus Burchardus Episcopus Vorma- ciensis eodem tempore vixit, et anno 1026. obiit sancte, et religiose, ut semper vixerat. Scripsit viginti libros decretorum ex Conci¬ liis, et Pontificibus ac ss. Patribus. De B emone. 1014. Berno Abbas Augiensis vixit eodem tem¬ pore. Ipse enim in libro de rebus ad Missae officium pertinentibus cap. 2. testatur, se interfuisse coronationi Henrici primi imp. quae facta est a Benedicto Papa octavo anno 1014. Fuit vir doctus, et scripsit vitam S. Udalrici Episcopi Augustani , quae exstat apud Surium die 4. Julii. Scripsit etiam de officio Missae, sive de rebus ad Missam per¬ tinentibus : qui liber exstat cum caeteris ejusdem argumenti impressus Coloniae, et Romae : et tomo vi. bibliothecae ss. Patrum, edit. 2. ex quo etiam libro cap. 2. discimus, AB ANNO DOM. 1000. AI) 1100. hoc primum tempore coepisse in Romana Ecclesia cani ad Missam symbolum fidei. Scripsit multas epistolas, et alia opera, quae utrum exstent, ignoro. De Glabro Rodulpho. 1040. Glaber lludolphus Monachus scripsit hi¬ storias sui temporis libris quinque, satis ac¬ curate, ubi tamen dicit Conradum regem obiisse anno Dom. 1041. videtur scriptorum vitio positum esse, pro anno ante quadra¬ gesimo, id est, tricesimo nono ; ut habent alii historici, ac praesertim Hermannus Con¬ tractus. Floruit circa annum Dom. 1040. De Hermanno Contracto. 1050. Hermannus Contractus, a membrorum fere omnium contractione, et debilitate, sic ap¬ pellatus, filius fuit nobilissimi cujusdam Co¬ mitis, et Monachus Augiensis valde pius. Scripsit de sex aetatibus mundi chronicum, quod perduxit usque ad annum Domini 1052. Sed continuatum fuit a Bertoldo usque ad annum 1065. Scripsisse praeterea dicitur Antiphonam, « Salve Regina, » et « Alma Redemptoris : e necnon sequentiam illam de Spiritu sancto, «Veni sancte Spiritus, et emitte ccelitus lucis tuae radium, etc. » Scri¬ psit alia permulta ad musicam, et astrola- bium spectantia. Vide chronicum Hermanni auctius apud Henricum Canisium tomo i. antiquae lectionis. De S. Leone nono Pontifice. 1050. Sanctus Leo Papa IX. ex Episcopo Tul- lensi sedere coepit in Sede anno Domini 1040. et sedit annis sex. Itaque obiit anno Domini 1051. Scripsit insignem epistolam ad Michaelem Episcopum Consfcantinopolitanum contra Graecorum errores; quam Sigebertus librum appellat. Scripsit etiam et ad Con¬ stantinum Monomachuin imperatorem Grae¬ corum, et ad alios multos, quae exstant in¬ ter epistolas summorum Pontificum , et seorsim apud Card. Baronium tomo unde¬ cimo Annalium : et praeter epistolas exstant etiam homiliae, et sermones impressi Lovanii anno Domini 1565. et Coloniae anno 1568. De ILurnberto Cardinali. 1054. Humbertus Cardinalis Episcopus Sylvae 429 candidae a Leone nono Pontifice Romam ex Tullensi Ecclesia adductus fuit, et ab eo le¬ gatus Constantinopolim missus, cum esset Graece et Latine doctissimus. Scripsit librum contra Graecos de azymo, in forma dialogi. Scripsit et alterum de jejunio Sabbati contra Nicetam pectoratum Graecum : qui duo libri exstant apud Card. Baronium in appendice undecimi tomi annalium; sed apud Henri¬ cum Canisium tomo sexto antiquae lectionis, habentur etiam epistolae Archiepiscopi Con- stantinopolitani, et Nicetae, quibus Humber¬ tus respondit. Scriptus est autem prior liber (ut initio dicitur), anno Domini 1054. De Petro Damiani . 1060. Petrus Damiani, sic a parentis sui Damiani nomine vocatus, nobilis Ravennas, xMonachus fuit Ord. Sancti Benedicti, ac deinde S. R. E. Cardinalis Episcopus Ostiensis. Vixit tempo¬ ribus Gregorii sexti, et successorum ejus usque ad Gregorium septimum, ad quos omnes epistolas dedit. Vir fuit valde san¬ ctus, et devotus, et praecipue pmnitentiae, et austerae vitae amator ardentissimus : erat tamen inierim non infacetus, nec ludendi, ac false carpendi artem ignorabat, ut intel- ligi potest ex versibus ad Alexandrum Pa. pam, et ad Hildebrandum Cardinalem, quos refert Cardin. Baronius in Annalibus ad an¬ num Domini 1061. Obiit in apostolica Lega tione anno Domini 1072. Scripsit epistolas plurimas, et sermones permultos; quae duo opera typis nuper mandavit Romae Donnus Constantinus Cajetanus Ord. Sancti Bene¬ dicti xMonachus. Scripsit etiam opuscula non pauca, quae inveniuntur in Bibliotheca san¬ ctorum Patrum, tomo tertio, editionis se¬ cundae. Scripsit etiam vitam Sancti Odilonis Abbatis, quae exstat apud Surium primo die Januarii : et vitam Sancti Romualdi apud eumdem Surium die 19. Junii, et sancti Do¬ minici Loricati apud eumdem Surium die 14. Octobris. Observatio prima. In epistola ad Dominicum cap. 5. narran¬ tur quaedam leviora de animabus defuncto¬ rum, quae die Dominico refrigerium poena¬ rum videntur habere; et in figura avicula¬ rum de lacu averni exire cernuntur : quae fabulis fortasse similiora sunt, quam histo¬ riae. 430 DE SCRIPTORIBUS ECCLESIASTICIS Observatio secunda. In epistola ad Firminum Episcopum libe¬ rius quam par esset, videtur auctor repre¬ hendere Sanctum Leonem nonum propter bellum contra Northmannos : neque enim illicitum est Summo Pontifici armis defen¬ dere civitates in quas dominium temporale habet : de qua re vide tomum undecimum Card. Baronii ad annum Domini 1033. Observatio tertia. In epistola ad Henricum Ravenna? Episco¬ pum, qua? epistola dicitur etiam liber gratis¬ simus, cap. 4. scribit auctor, Christum anno 30. in baptismo factum esse Sacerdotem : et cap. 16. scribit Liberium Papam fuisse Haereticum, et seditiosum ; quae falsa sunt : Christus enim in conceptione habuit omnem gratiam, et dignitatem : et Liberius Haereti¬ cus non fuit, ut ostendi in lib. iv. de Ponti¬ fice, cap. 9. De Sancto Gregor io Papa VII. Sanctus Gregorius floruit tempore Leonis IX.; coepit autem sedere in Apostolica Sede anno 1073. et non solum doctrina, et pruden¬ tia, sed etiam sanctitate et miraculis glorio¬ sus fuit. Dedit ad varios ingentem numerum epistolarum, quarum aliquam partem non ingenio, vel manu secretariorum, sed a se proprie compositas et scriptas ipse testatur. De Lantfranco, et Adelmanno. 1039. LantfrancusArchiepiscopusCantuariensis, vir sanctus et doctus, in Concilio Romano sub Nicolao secundo Pontifice anno 1039. disputavit cum Berengario Haeresiarcha, eumque ita convicit, ut Berengarius librum suum in ignem injecerit'. Sed eo ad vomitum redeunte, scripsit idem Lantfrancus op. in Psalmos David, et in epistolas Sancti Pauli. Eodem tempore Adelmannus Episcopus Brixiensis, qui aliquando Berengario Diacono Andegavensis comes fuerat, et condiscipu¬ lus sub disciplina Sancti Fulberti Carnotensis Episcopi, scripsit epistolam valde eruditam ad Berengarium de veritate corporis Domini in sacrosancta Eucharistia, quae exstat in bibliotheca sanctorum Patrum tomo vi. edi¬ tionis secundee. De Guitmundo Episcopo Aversano. 1070. Guitmundus Episcopus Aversanus vixit Gregorio VII. summo Pontifice, ut ipse testa¬ tur initio primi libri de Eucharistia. Scripsit libros tres de corpore et sanguine Domini in Eucharistiae Sacramento : nec solum verita¬ tem confirmavit, sed etiam argumenta con¬ traria docte solideque destruxit . Scripsit etiam confessionem de sancta Trinitate , Christi humanitate, et corporis Domini veri¬ tate : quae exstant in bibliotheca sanctorum Patrum tomo sexto , editione secunda et etiam seorsim cum Lantfranci et Algeri libris excusa. Unum est, in quo Guitmundus re¬ prehendi solet, quod libro n. timuerit conce¬ dere, species Sacramentales vere posse cor¬ rumpi, et putrefieri, quae potuisset admittere, sine ulla injuria corporis Dominici fieri. De Georgio Cedreno. 1070. Georgius Cedrenus historicus Graecus scri¬ psit compendium historiarum ab orbe con¬ dito usque ad annum Domini 1057 quod opus exstat Graece et Latine. De Joanne Curopalate. 1070. Joannes Curopalates scripsit historiam ab anno Domini 811. usque ad annum 1081. Ex¬ stat cum variis Cassiodori, excusus Venetis anno 1570. De Theophy lacto. 1071. Theophylactus Archiepiscopus Bulgaro- rum vixit tempore Alexandri Papae secundi, et Romani Diogenis imperatoris circa annum Domini 1071. ut Card. Baronius demonstrat ex epistolis ipsius Theophylacti. Scripsit in Prophetas minores, Oseam, Jonam, Nahum et Habacuc. Scripsit in quatuor Evangelia, et in omnes epistolas Sancti Pauli, in quibus commentariis in Evangelia, et in epistolas, ita Chrysostomum secutus est, ut Chrysosto- mi abbreviator dici possit. Porro schismaticum fuisse Theophylactum intelligi potest ex commentario in cap. m. Joannis, ubi Latinos reprehendit, quod cre¬ dant Spiritum sanctum a Filio etiam proce¬ dere. AB ANNO DOM. 1000. AD 1100. 431 De Sancto Anselmo Lucensi: 1(»77. Sanctus Anselmus Mantuanus, Episcopus Lucensis ab Alexandro secundo creatus, ac deinde, cum in monasterium se abdidisset, a Gregorio septimo ad episcopatum revocatus, sanctitate et miraculis clarus obiit anno Do¬ mini 1<>77. Scripsit libros duos ex Patrum sententiis, pro Gregorii VII. decreto et rebus gestis contra Henricum imperatorem, et contra Guibertum Antipapam qui exstant apud Hen¬ ricum Ganisium tomo vi. antiquae lectionis. Scripsit quoque in lamentationes Hiere- mite, et in Psalmos aliquot explicationem : quae duo posteriora opera utrum exstent, ignoro : post obitum innumeris miraculis floruit : vide annales Card. Baronii ad annum 1086. tomo 11 .